How important is it that Othello is black?

Othello's race and colour are explored in the play, especially in terms of his interracial marriage with Desdemona and therefore are very important and significant. The play ‘Othello' generates dichotomy views on the issue of race at that time and the different confrontations of it allow us to acquire a perspective on Elizabethan attitudes as well as to consider our own argument. One could argue against the importance of Othello's colour like A.C. Bradley who introduced a contention, which acquaints us with such an argument. However, even though Bradley's aspiration to respond to race in a humane manner is hesitant, it is reasoned as he focuses on character and motivation. Bradley fails to observe the racial issue a very significant one and considers it to be: ‘unimportant in regard to the essentials of Othello's character.' He does not find Othello's colour damaging to his dignity either: ‘He comes before us, dark and grand, with a light upon him from the sun where he was born' and recalls that in his view an Englishman would have been as much a victim as this Moor in these circumstances. An interesting issue that many critics debate about is Othello's precise ethnic origins, taking great pains to prove that Othello would have been Arabic in appearance. What Bradley explains on this issue is: â€Å"Perhaps if we saw Othello coal-black with the bodily eye, the aversion of our blood†¦would overpower our imagination†. He most probably had in mind a very dark skinned African Othello, which he argues would be inappropriate for the play. A further argument against the importance of Othello's race could be seen from Jane Adamson who recalls nothing on the debate about the exact shade of Othello's skin, apart from the fact that it is absurd. She assumes that the significance of race in the play: â€Å"has usually been over-emphasised by 20th century critics and producers†. I too agree with her acuity of the matter and furthermore stress to highlight the unsuitable overemphasis on the aspect of Othello's skin colour because other elements in the play such as the tragedy of the play are being isolated. On the basis of being against the importance of Othello's colour and race, it could be argued that Shakespeare presented a black hero instead of a white one to introduce the idea of difference or simply included it as a stage decoration, and from Bradley's point of view if anyone congratulated Shakespeare on the â€Å"accuracy of his racial psychology† – he would have laughed! It is also fair to argue that Othello's race is a very important and crucial issue that many would say interferes with the ethics of the Elizabethan principles at that time, but some chose to find justifications in order to come to terms with Othello, his race and his presence in the play. In his criticism Calderwood focuses on Othello as an extreme outsider amongst the Venetians: â€Å"Moors were simply outsiders, the other who is not like us† however he concludes by awarding Othello his acceptance due to Othello's Christianity. Throughout his criticism Calderwood does not stop supporting the idea of Othello being an outsider, by calling him a ‘sub-human' and emphasising his Moorish and demonic qualities by stating that the Venetian people were ‘honest citizens' and Othello was a ‘deceitful infidel' who was more closely related to animals and the ‘Prince of Darkness'. Nevertheless Calderwood contradicts himself as he jumps from criticising Othello about his race to excusing his dislocation in Venice by accepting the Moor based on his Christianity and his similarity with the Venetians in religion and affirmative actions. Calderwood goes on to reinforce his viewpoint by saying that with his new Christian attitude and lifestyle Othello essentially belongs in Venice â€Å"because he is newly washed in the Blood of the Lamb† and he is not actually an evil enemy amongst honest citizens. He also insists that although Othello is from a different race that comes with many negative associations as well as that he was a former ‘infidel', he should be accepted based on his positive Christian characteristics. Bearing in mind the argument put forward by Calderwood, it is necessary to consider the subsequent viewpoint: Could it be argued that perhaps due to the criticisms, needless and false comments from different characters like Iago on the subject of Othello's race and his marriage to Desdemona a negative transition occurs from a noble Christian to a traditional black Moor? The pressures of Othello's marriage and the negative reactions of those around him do add to his downfall, all of which race is a major factor of, and that underlines the importance of Othello's race in the play. Calderwood set up Othello as a terrific monster, and attempted to renovate him as a Christian, who was worthy of being accepted into his surroundings, however in my opinion, in attempt to explain why he feels Othello deserved the acceptance because of his Christianity, Calderwood's contention is unconvincing but interesting as its an intriguing justification for such a important question of matter in the play as ‘race'. It is difficult to settle on one aspect of the dispute as the contentions introduced by Bradley, Adamson and Calderwood seem to evolve into an assumption against the importance of Othello's colour and race. I must however stress to extend the argument in favour of the importance of Othello's race and colour. All criticism of the marriage is based solely on ‘racial considerations' and this provokes characters to turn against Othello. At the beginning of the play Othello sees himself as worthy of Desdemona's love and his self-perception is that of equality with Desdemona. He accentuates this when he says: ‘She had eyes and chose me' (III.3.192). Othello begins as a respectable Christian general, however, with extensive criticism such as Brabantio's, Othello loses confidence and becomes easily persuaded by Iago who views Othello as a ‘violently jealous fool like all Africans' and ‘a lascivious moor' (I.1.125). With his insight on the nature of Othello, Iago's menacing and insidious racism deteriorates throughout the play and causes the obliteration of the black and white harmony that existed before and causes Othello to behave in an artificial way setting him into an utterly destructive fury that destroys himself and his marriage. When Iago annihilates Othello's positive perception of Desdemona, Othello starts to feel the threat towards his honour and articulates his anger by speaking of his colour in a cynical way: â€Å"Her name, that was as fresh as Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black as mine own face† (III.3.389-91). It is a good example to show how Othello's unawareness of the significance of his race changed by Iago's racism and cruel intentions, turned him into a completely different person, conscious of his displacement and Desdemona's infidelity. Desdemona alone has always acknowledged Othello's inner worth: ‘I saw Othello's visage in his mind' (I.3.252), and even when his morality was concealed she preserved her vision: ‘†¦his unkindness may defeat my life, but never taint my love' (IV.2.162). She is unswervingly loyal to Othello and even when she dies, she declares her love for the inner, obscured Othello, saying: ‘Commend me to my kind lord' (V.2.126). Desdemona identifies her husband's jealousy as ignorable and continues to give him her love to the fullest extent: ‘†¦my love doth so approve him, that his stubbornness, his checks and frowns †¦have grace in them' (IV.3.19). Considering the controversial notions, it is also crucial to analyse attitudes to race in the Elizabethan era, as historicist or Elizabethan attitudes to race in the 16th century were very different to the attitudes now. One could argue that Othello's race, being black in colour, had a shock value effect on Shakespeare's audience. To the Elizabethans Othello's skin colour would not only have displayed a ‘visual ugliness', but moral inequalities. His interracial marriage with Desdemona – a white female, also added to the antipathy of the audience, but also to their interest and excitement as it could be seen that the contrast in their skin colours would in fact provide the exciting theme of forbidden love, but it is the subplot which indicates the threatening atmosphere of hate and distrust in the play. In Vaughn's argument, the critic's focus is on the reaction of the Elizabethan audience towards Othello. She states that Othello's dark race proved to be â€Å"visually significant to the reaction of the audience† and that his physical nature gives visual evidence of him not belonging to his Venetian surroundings. Vaughn reveals that Elizabethans were fascinated by Othello's experiences and related his black colour with â€Å"negation, dirt, sin and death†. His explorations and adventures also contributed to his ‘otherness' and his ‘foreignness' with the connections to ‘nakedness, savagery, and general immorality'. It is true to say that at that period of time the Elizabethans would recognize having black skin as having satanic qualities and perversion, and would link the vilest qualities to African and Moorish people. I believe that the Elizabethan audience could have been appalled by the joining of such ‘contrasting figures' and probably viewed Othello's blackness as being associated with dirt, filth, and the devil as in the Elizabethan mind Othello's race proved him inferior and unworthy of Desdemona and all her positive Venetian qualities. Whereas in modern day criticisms, such a matter would not be concerned as an issue worthy debating about, because ethnic groups became very accepted in England and the different approaches to the issue of race help us acquire different interpretations. Elizabethan environment at the time of the play was tense and the generalizations that were made during that time. Her observation on these generalizations helped to clarify and explain the stereotypes made during the play. Despite the insight into the reaction and thoughts of the Shakespearean audience, the article tended to be repetitive by restating the negative qualities that were associated with Othello's race instead of explaining why they were associated with one another. Concluding could it be argued that Shakespeare made Othello black in order to explore dislocation along with opposition and the consequences of such issues? It would be inconsiderate to ignore the importance of Othello's race in the play because it is most definitely a significant matter. In order to slightly captivate his audience, Shakespeare could have easily added a slight feature in Othello's complexion to add the foreign affect that would be enough, or he could have even made him completely white, nonetheless Shakespeare insisted upon the blackness of Othello as otherwise there wouldn't be the mention to intentionally repellent imagery.

Risc & Pipelining

What is RISC Architecture? * RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. * An Instruction set is a set of instructions that helps the user to construct machine language programs to do computable tasks. History * In early days, the mainframes consumed a lot of resources for operations * Due to this, in 1980 David Paterson, University of Berkeley introduced the RISC concept. * This included fewer instructions with simple constructs which had faster execution, and less memory usage by the CPU. * Approximately a year was taken to design and fabricate RISC I in silicon * In 1983, Berkeley RISC II was produced.It is with RISC II that RISC idea was opened to the industry. * In later years it was incorporated into Intel Processors * After some years, a revolution took place between the two Instruction Sets. * Whereby RISC started incorporating more complex instructions and CISC started to reduce the complexity of their instructions. * By mid 1990’s some RISC processors became mo re complex than CISC! * In today’s date the difference between the RISC and CISC is blurred. Characteristics and Comparisons * As mentioned, the difference between RISC and CISC is getting eradicated. But these were the initial differences between the two.RISC| CISC| Fewer instructions| More (100-250)| More registers hence more on chip memory (faster)| Less registers| Operations done within the registers of the CPU| Can be done external to CPU eg memory| Fixed length instruction format hence easily decoded| Variable length| Instruction execution in one clock cycle hence simpler instructions| In multiple clock cycles| Hard wired hence faster| Micro programmed| Fewer addressing modes| A variety| Addressing modes : Register direct. Immediate addressing, Absolute addressing Give examples on one set of instructions for a particular operation, Instruction Formats ttp://www-cs-faculty. stanford. edu/~eroberts/courses/soco/projects/2000-01/risc/risccisc/ Advantages and Disadvantages * Speed of instruction execution is improved * Quicker time to market the processors since few instructions take less time to design and fabricate * Smaller chip size because fewer transistors are needed * Consumes lower power and hence dissipates less heat * Less expensive because of fewer transistors * Because of the fixed length of the instructions, it does not use the memory efficiently * For complex operations, the number of instructions will be largerPipelining The origin of pipelining is thought to be in the early 1940s. The processor has specialised units for executing each stage in the instruction cycle. The instructions are performed concurrently. It is like an assembly line. IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | Time Steps (clocks) Pipelining is used to accelerate the speed of the processor by overlapping various stages in the instruction cycle. It improves the instruction execution bandwidt h. Each instruction takes 5 clock cycles to complete.When pipelining is used, the first instruction takes 5 clock cycles, but the next instructions finish 1 clock cycle after the previous one. Types of Pipelining There are various types of pipelining. These include Arithmetic pipeline, Instruction pipeline, superpipelining, superscaling and vector processing Arithmetic pipeline: Used to deal with scientific problems like floating point operations and fixed point multiplications. There are different segments or sub operations for these operations. These can be performed concurrently leading to faster execution.Instruction pipeline: This is the general pipelining, which have been explained before. — Pipeline Hazards Data Dependency: When two or more instructions attempt to share the same data resource. When an instruction is trying to access or edit data which is being modified by another instruction. There are three types of data dependency: RAW: Read After Write – This happens when instruction ij reads before instruction ii writes the data. This means that the value read is too old. WAR: Write After Read – This happens when instruction ij writes before instruction ii reads the data.This means that the value read is too new. WAW: Write After Write – This happens when instruction ij writes before instruction ii writes the data. This means that a wrong value is stored. Solutions Data Dependency: * Stall the pipeline – This means that a data dependency is predicted and the consequent instructions are not allowed to enter the pipeline. There is a need for special hardware to predict the data dependency. Also a time delay is caused * Flush the pipeline – This means that when a data dependency occurs, all other instructions are removed from the pipeline. This also causes a time delay. Delayed load – Insertion of No Operation Instructions in between data dependent instructions. This is done by the compiler and it avoids data dependency Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 1. Load R1| IF| OE| OS| | | | 2. Load R2| | IF| OE| OS| | | 3. Add R1 + R2| | | IF| OE| OS| | 4. Store R3| | | | IF| OE| OS| Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 1. Load R1| IF| OE| OS| | | | | 2. Load R2| | IF| OE| OS| | | | 3. NOP| | | IF| OE| OS| | | 4. Add R1 + R2| | | | IF| OE| OS| | 5. Store R3| | | | | IF| OE| OS| Branch Dependency: this happens when one instruction in the pipeline branches into another instruction.Since the instructions have already entered the pipeline, when a branch occurs this means that a branch penalty occurs. Solutions Branch Dependency 1. Branch prediction: A branch to an instruction to an instruction and its outcome is predicted and instructions are pipelined accordingly 2. Branch target buffer: 3. Delayed Branch: The compiler predicts branch dependencies and rearranges the code in such a way that this branch dependency is avoided. No operation instructions can also be used. No operation instructions 1. LO AD MEM[100] R1 2. INCREMENT R2 3. ADD R3 R3 + R4 4. SUB R6 R6-R5 . BRA X Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 3. Add| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 4. Subtract| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 5. Branch to X| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 6. Next instructions| | | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Clock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 3. Add| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 4. Subtract| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 5. Branch to X| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 6. NOP| | | | | | IF| OE| OS| | 7. Instructions in X| | | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Adding NOP InstructionsClock Cycle| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 1. Load| IF| OE| OS| | | | | | 2. Increment| | IF| OE| OS| | | | | 3. Branch to X| | | IF| OE| OS| | | | 4. Add| | | | IF| OE| OS| | | 5. Subtract| | | | | IF| OE| OS| | 6. Instructions in X| | | | | | IF| OE| OS| Re arranging the instructions Intel Pentium 4 processors have 20 stage pipelines. Toda y, most of these circuits can be found embedded inside most micro-processors. Superscaling: It is a form of parallelism combined with pipelining. It has a redundant execution unit which provides for the parallelism. Superscalar: 1984 Star Technologies – Roger ChenIF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | | | | IF| ID| OF| OE| OS| | | Superpipelining: It is the implementation of longer pipelines that is pipelines with more stages. It is mainly useful when some stages in the pipeline take longer than the others. The longest stage determines the clock cycle. So if these long stages can be broken down into smaller stages, then the clock cycle time can be reduced.This reduces time wasted, which will be significant if a number of instructions are performed. Superpipelining is simple because it does not need any addit ional hardware like for superscaling. There will be more side effects for superpipelining since the number of stages in the pipeline is increased. There will be a longer delay caused when there is a data or branch dependency. Vector Processing: Vector Processors: 1970s Vector Processors pipeline the data also not just the instructions. For example, if many numbers need to be added together like adding 10 pairs of numbers, in a normal processor, each pair will be added at a time.This means the same sequence of instruction fetching and decoding will have to be carried out 10 times. But in vector processing, since the data is also pipelined, the instruction fetch and decode will only occur once and the 10 pairs of numbers (operands) will be fetched altogether. Thus the time to process the instructions are reduced significantly. C(1:10) = A(1:10) + B(1:10) They are mainly used in specialised applications like long range weather forecasting, artificial intelligence systems, image process ing etc.Analysing the performance limitations of the rather conventional CISC style architectures of the period, it was discovered very quickly that operations on vectors and matrices were one of the most demanding CPU bound numerical computational problems faced. RISC Pipelining: RISC has simple instructions. This simplicity is utilised to reduce the number of stages in the instruction pipeline. For example the Instruction Decode is not necessary because the encoding in RISC architecture is simple. Operands are all stored in the registers hence there is no need to fetch them from the memory.This reduces the number of stages further. Therefore, for pipelining with RISC architecture, the stages in the pipeline are instruction fetch, operand execute and operand store. Because the instructions are of fixed length, each stage in the RISC pipeline can be executed in one clock cycle. Questions 1. Is vector processing a type of pipelining 2. RISC and pipelining The simplest way to examine the advantages and disadvantages of RISC architecture is by contrasting it with it's predecessor: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) architecture. Multiplying Two Numbers in MemoryOn the right is a diagram representing the storage scheme for a generic computer. The main memory is divided into locations numbered from (row) 1: (column) 1 to (row) 6: (column) 4. The execution unit is responsible for carrying out all computations. However, the execution unit can only operate on data that has been loaded into one of the six registers (A, B, C, D, E, or F). Let's say we want to find the product of two numbers – one stored in location 2:3 and another stored in location 5:2 – and then store the product back in the location 2:3. The CISC ApproachThe primary goal of CISC architecture is to complete a task in as few lines of assembly as possible. This is achieved by building processor hardware that is capable of understanding and executing a series of operations. For this p articular task, a CISC processor would come prepared with a specific instruction (we'll call it â€Å"MULT†). When executed, this instruction loads the two values into separate registers, multiplies the operands in the execution unit, and then stores the product in the appropriate register. Thus, the entire task of multiplying two numbers can be completed with one instruction: MULT 2:3, 5:2MULT is what is known as a â€Å"complex instruction. † It operates directly on the computer's memory banks and does not require the programmer to explicitly call any loading or storing functions. It closely resembles a command in a higher level language. For instance, if we let â€Å"a† represent the value of 2:3 and â€Å"b† represent the value of 5:2, then this command is identical to the C statement â€Å"a = a * b. † One of the primary advantages of this system is that the compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language statement into assembly.Because the length of the code is relatively short, very little RAM is required to store instructions. The emphasis is put on building complex instructions directly into the hardware. The RISC Approach RISC processors only use simple instructions that can be executed within one clock cycle. Thus, the â€Å"MULT† command described above could be divided into three separate commands: â€Å"LOAD,† which moves data from the memory bank to a register, â€Å"PROD,† which finds the product of two operands located within the registers, and â€Å"STORE,† which moves data from a register to the memory banks.In order to perform the exact series of steps described in the CISC approach, a programmer would need to code four lines of assembly: LOAD A, 2:3 LOAD B, 5:2 PROD A, B STORE 2:3, A At first, this may seem like a much less efficient way of completing the operation. Because there are more lines of code, more RAM is needed to store the assembly level instr uctions. The compiler must also perform more work to convert a high-level language statement into code of this form. CISC | RISC | Emphasis on hardware | Emphasis on software | Includes multi-clock complex instructions | Single-clock, educed instruction only | Memory-to-memory: â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† incorporated in instructions | Register to register: â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† are independent instructions | Small code sizes, high cycles per second | Low cycles per second, large code sizes | Transistors used for storing complex instructions | Spends more transistors on memory registers | However, the RISC strategy also brings some very important advantages. Because each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute, the entire program will execute in approximately the same amount of time as the multi-cycle â€Å"MULT† command.These RISC â€Å"reduced instructions† require less transistors of hardware space than the complex in structions, leaving more room for general purpose registers. Because all of the instructions execute in a uniform amount of time (i. e. one clock), pipelining is possible. Separating the â€Å"LOAD† and â€Å"STORE† instructions actually reduces the amount of work that the computer must perform. After a CISC-style â€Å"MULT† command is executed, the processor automatically erases the registers. If one of the operands needs to be used for another computation, the processor must re-load the data from the memory bank into a register.In RISC, the operand will remain in the register until another value is loaded in its place. The Performance Equation The following equation is commonly used for expressing a computer's performance ability: The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction. RISC does the opposite, reducing the cycles per instruction at the cost of the number of instructions p er program. RISC Roadblocks Despite the advantages of RISC based processing, RISC chips took over a decade to gain a foothold in the commercial world. This was largely due to a lack of software support.Although Apple's Power Macintosh line featured RISC-based chips and Windows NT was RISC compatible, Windows 3. 1 and Windows 95 were designed with CISC processors in mind. Many companies were unwilling to take a chance with the emerging RISC technology. Without commercial interest, processor developers were unable to manufacture RISC chips in large enough volumes to make their price competitive. Another major setback was the presence of Intel. Although their CISC chips were becoming increasingly unwieldy and difficult to develop, Intel had the resources to plow through development and produce powerful processors.Although RISC chips might surpass Intel's efforts in specific areas, the differences were not great enough to persuade buyers to change technologies. The Overall RISC Advantag e Today, the Intel x86 is arguable the only chip which retains CISC architecture. This is primarily due to advancements in other areas of computer technology. The price of RAM has decreased dramatically. In 1977, 1MB of DRAM cost about $5,000. By 1994, the same amount of memory cost only $6 (when adjusted for inflation). Compiler technology has also become more sophisticated, so that the RISC use of RAM and emphasis on software has become ideal.

Required reaction paper combining two related internet stories Essay

Required reaction paper combining two related internet stories - Essay Example The news article presented many important highlights in history that all students must realize. First, Jews were very powerful economically and politically, they can be considered shakers of society. Second, Germans tried to be on a defensive stance during pre World War I because they were greatly suffering from a hyperinflation. The news report about Judea’s declaration of war on Germany emphasized one thing – that for many years, the Jews were already collaborating with one another to drive Jews in Germany back to Israel. Freedman’s speech about the Jews collaboration sent shivers to my spine because it seems that I missed out a very important fact about history. Judea’s declaration of war on Germany is not to be taken lightly as a simple event. Historians and political analysts should prevent such things from happening again because countries that retaliate can be uncontrollable. With the recent events happening in the Middle East today, world leaders s hould carefully plan their action because the last thing we need is another World War. The second document that I read was Freedman’s speech about the Jews role in two World Wars. It was shocking to hear the transcripts of his speech because people often think of the Jews as the underdog. Freedman’s speech revealed that Jews controlled almost any sector in society- banking, communications, media among many others.

American Perspective on Racism MexicanLatin American Studies Program Essay

American Perspective on Racism MexicanLatin American Studies Program - Essay Example On the contrary, ethnicity and nationalism have grown in political importance in the world, particularly since the Second World War. The United States has a long history of racism and racial discrimination. For centuries conflicts have taken place between the Whites, blacks, Mexicans and the Asians. Race hatred often leads to the violence. The people guilty of race discrimination often form extremist groups to defend their country from minority takeover, and ultimately increase the tension and hatred between the two races. Many surveys have been conducted to study the nature and intensity of Racism in American culture. According to General Social Survey, conducted in 1990, 40 to 56 percent of the whites were of the view that Hispanic and Blacks are prone to violence and prefer to live off welfare (Steeh and Schuman, 1992). The minority of Hispanics includes Mexicans, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, or other Hispanic heritage. They are consists of more than 500 tribes with almost entirely different cultural heritage, traditions, languages and ancestry. The 2000 census showed that the Hispanics are the Americas largest minority. According to the Times magazine 58 percent of this minority is of the Mexican origin. The majority of Mexican Americans are most prominent in the areas, which were formerly the part of the Mexico, i.e. Southern California and Texas. The largest of Mexican Americans community was located around the Los Angles in Southern California, El Paso in Far West Texas, and the metropolitan areas of the South Texas. The Mexican American, just like the other minorities of the United States, reside in the non-economically viable ethnic enclaves: isolated, and other forms of ethnic discrimination. Mexicans are a mixed race, most of them are white having Spanish ancestry, but almost half of them are not white. They are mestizos. It has been observed that among the Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants, mestizos are in the worst condition (Gamio, 1971). According to the Auditors of Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Mexican Americans and especially the non-white Mexican Americans experience discrimination in the housing market from realtors and lending institutions. The auditors have also found out that the Mexican Americans faced discrimination due to their skin color and not due to their Mexican accent. Most of the Mexican Americans are the offspring of the Mexicans who voluntarily migrated to United States in the 20th Century. Hence it is the duty of the community, to which they have migrated, to assist them in adapting and absorbing them to American Society, but they were then busy in a war and colonization. This had fundamental consequences for the ability of these enclaves to provide resources to the generations of Mexican Americans. Hence, although many people thought that the increasing immigrations of Mexicans into the United States is a Mexican problem, it is actually an American problem.

Nursing Pharm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Pharm - Essay Example maintain the desired anticoagulation effects, heparin must also be administered by intravenous infusion regulated by an infusion pump (Peterson et al., 2008). The therapeutic effect of heparin is appropriately measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) results. Since anticoagulation effects can be difficult to monitor because of individual differences in drug reaction (Smeltzer et al., 2010), aPTT is repeated more frequently in unstable and new clients to prevent complications due to under or over medication. Bed rest is one of the interventions to promote comfort in clients with DVT (Smeltzer et al., 2010). Furthermore, it is especially indicated to prevent the dislodgment of pre exiting thrombus into the bloodstream for high- risk clients. Aside from bed rest, careful elevation of the lower limbs is also helpful to prevent venous stasis and promote blood circulation. The use of infusion pumps maximizes safety measures in the client with DVT under heparin therapy (Peterson et al., 2008). In this case, the IV pump malfunctioned and resulted in the accidental administration of the drug in high dosages. Although the client does not show signs of bleeding initially, aPTT should be rechecked to determine the degree of possible adverse reactions. The drug administration should be discontinued temporarily to prevent further increase in drug level. Furthermore, protamine sulfate should be prepared as an antidote in case the client manifests excessive bleeding (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010. The physician should also be notified

Arguments for anti-feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arguments for anti-feminism - Essay Example Are women deprived of rights in society as pointed out in lieu of the feminist view or are women appropriately designated with responsibilities fit for their nature compared to the status of men? It is evident that feminism is a concept motivated by the quest for social justice of individuals who believe that women are disadvantaged in society. I consider feminism as both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks equality for women and the end of sexism in all forms. As James characterizes it, â€Å"feminism is grounded on the belief that women are deprived of certain rights and oppressed by comparison with men, and that their oppression is in some way illegitimate or unjustified†, (276). Crow adds that, â€Å"injustices to women are referred to as the imposition of weak roles to women from roles at home and at work to the bigger part of societal functions†, (1). I will prove in this discussion that the feminist claim, that is, women are denied equal rights by being secondary to men is unsound. As Okin makes the point, â€Å"subordination of women in the context of a family is nothing but a role which could be fulfilled as a role in the family†, (68). I can clearly see that housekeeping functions are allocated to women because a family is a relationship built from the cooperation of the partners. Male partners should handle the financial burden since they are more productive and their biological structure provides for the competitive work advantage. With the role of income generation left to the responsibility of men, housekeeping in general should just be naturally assigned to women. In addition, it could easily be argued that men should be given the responsibility to have better compensation â€Å"because of their role in the labor market† (Bergmann 112). Men deserve to get the top spot in the market of jobs and be remunerate d better relative to women due to their abilities. It is the goal of feminism as well to eliminate the culture in

The Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example But if we look closer, we'll come to understand his negative outlook and bitterness toward life shows his fears and frustrations in life. At a young age, he had experienced the cruel side of life when his brother died and when he witnessed what he calls phoniness of the world. In one phony situation, Holden described his former headmaster, Mr.Haas as the phoniest bastard he ever met. "On Sundays, for instance, old Haas went around shaking hands with everybody's parents when they drove up to school. He'd be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had a little old funny-looking parents" (Salinger, 14; ch. 2). Holden's experience of hypocrisy makes him view adults as superficial, insincere and guilty of a lot of things that's why he always quit school or gets expelled. His attitude is caused by his disappointment of the people surrounding him. In his encounter with the nuns, Holden displays his dismay of the irony of life but at the same time show his good heart. The line "I hate it if I'm eating bacon and eggs or something and somebody else is only eating toast and coffee. They let me give ten bucks as a contribution" (Salinger, 110; ch. 15).